HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION - I : MCQs & SHORT ANSWERS

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MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE:

1. Variation is observed in...
   
   
   
   1. asexual reproduction
   2. sexual reproduction
   3. both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
   4. neither of them
      
   
   
2. The number of genes is______ the number of chromosomes.
   
   
   
   1. same as
   2. less than
   3. more than
   4. less than or equal to
      
   
   
3. In human being ______ pairs of chromosomes are present.
   
   
   
   1. 23
   2. 46
   3. 30,000
   4. 40,000
      
   
   
4. The number of genes in human being is about...
   
   
   
   1. 23
   2. 46
   3. 1,000-2,000
   4. 30,000 to 40,000
      
   
   
5. Every chromosome possesses ______ molecule/s of DNA.
   
   
   
   1. 23
   2. 4
   3. 2
   4. 1
      
   
   
6. Which of the following is true ?
   
   
   
   1. Chromopsomes are located on genes.
   2. Chromosomes are part of a chromatid.
   3. Chromotids are part of a chromosome.
   4. Prokaryotes have paired chromosomes.
      
   
   
7. What is the diameter of a chromatid ?
   
   
   
   1. 40 A°
   2. 50 A°
   3. 60 A°
   4. 70 A°
      
   
   
8. The chromatids are joined to each other by...
   
   
   
   1. chromosome
   2. centromere
   3. gene
   4. DNA
      
   
   
9. The length of a chromosome is...
   
   
   
   1. 0.2-0.5μ
   2. 60 A°
   3. 60μ
   4. 34 A°
      
   
   
10. The diameter of a chromosome is...
    
    
    
    1. 0.2-0.5μ
    2. 0.2-2.0μ
    3. 60 A°
    4. 34 A°
       
    
    
11. A satellite structure is found in ______ chromosomes.
    
    
    
    1. metacentric
    2. sub-metacentric
    3. acrocentric
    4. telocentric
       
    
    
12. The centromere is situated at the tip of ______ chromosome.
    
    
    
    1. metacentric
    2. sub-metacentric
    3. acrocentric
    4. telocentric
       
    
    
13. Which of the following is not a nitrogenous base ?
    
    
    
    1. Adenine
    2. Guanine
    3. Cytosine
    4. Deoxyribose sugar
       
    
    
14. The molecule of DNA has ______ structure.
    
    
    
    1. linear
    2. cyclic
    3. helical
    4. hexagonal
       
    
    
15. Adenine links with thymine by ______ weak hydrogen bonds in DNA.
    
    
    
    1. one
    2. two
    3. three
    4. four
       
    
    
16. Guanine links with cytosine by ______ weak hydrogen bonds in DNA.
    
    
    
    1. one
    2. two
    3. three
    4. four
       
    
    
17. In a DNA molecule adenine links with ______.
    
    
    
    1. adenine
    2. guanine
    3. cytosine
    4. thymine
       
    
    
18. Each DNA molecule contains purine and pyrimidine in the ratio ______.
    
    
    
    1. 1 : 1
    2. 1 : 2
    3. 2 : 1
    4. 2 : 3
       
    
    
19. The cells in human female have chromosomes of the type ______.
    
    
    
    1. A + X
    2. A + Y
    3. 2A + XX
    4. 2A + XY
       
    
    
20. The cells in human male have chromosomes of the type ______.
    
    
    
    1. A + X
    2. A + Y
    3. 2A + XX
    4. 2A + XY
       
    
    
21. The ovum produced by a human female is ______ type.
    
    
    
    1. A + X
    2. A + Y
    3. 2A + XX
    4. 2A + XY
       
    
    
22. If the sperm having ______ chromosome fertilises an ovum then ______ is produced.
    
    
    
    1. X, male
    2. Y, female
    3. X, female
    4. XY, female
       
    
    
23. The principle of inheritance of acquired characters was given by...
    
    
    
    1. Lamarck
    2. Weismann
    3. Darwin
    4. Hugo De Vries
       
    
    
24. ______ gave Germplasm Theory.
    
    
    
    1. Lamarck
    2. Weismann
    3. Darwin
    4. Hugo De Vries
       
    
    
25. Mutation theory was described by ______.
    
    
    
    1. Lamarck
    2. Hugo De Vries
    3. Darwin
    4. Weismann
       
    
    
26. Fossils of ______ provide evidence of evolutionas the connecting link between birds and reptiles.
    
    
    
    1. Dinosaurs
    2. Lizard
    3. Archeopteryx
    4. Ostrich
       
    
    
27. ______ gives detailed information of variation and evolution.
    
    
    
    1. Lamarckism
    2. Modern synthetic theory
    3. Recapitulation theory
    4. Darwinism
       
    
    
28. The process of inheritance of characters in living beings is called...
    
    
    
    1. heredity
    2. evolution
    3. variation
    4. migration
       
    
    
29. Individual variation means...
    
    
    
    1. heredity
    2. variation
    3. evolution
    4. similarities
       
    
    
30. The branch of biology related with heredity and variation is called...
    
    
    
    1. Genetics
    2. Evolution
    3. Taxonomy
    4. Livinglogy
       
    
    
31. Boveri and Sutton proved that...
    
    
    
    1. Factor is responsible for information of heredity.
    2. Variation is inherited generation to generation.
    3. Chromosomes are transported by gametes.
    4. Gene is a part of a chromosome.
       
    
    
32. The number of chromosomes in comparison to the number of genes is...
    
    
    
    1. less
    2. more
    3. equal
    4. more or equal
       
    
    
33. The unit of expression of genetic information from one generation to another generation is...
    
    
    
    1. DNA
    2. RNA
    3. both DNA & RNA
    4. blood
       
    
    
34. An example of retrovirus is...
    
    
    
    1. the virus responsible for AIDS
    2. TMV
    3. bacteriophage
    4. RIV
       
    
    
35. Generally, the gametes, according to the number of chromosomes, are...
    
    
    
    1. haploid
    2. diploid
    3. triploid
    4. none of three
       
    
    
36. In which type of chromosome is the centromere displaced slightly from the center ?
    
    
    
    1. Metacentric
    2. Sub-metacentric
    3. Acrocentric
    4. Telocentric
       
    
    
37. Which type of nitrogen base are Adenine and Thymine ?
    
    
    
    1. purine and pyrimidine
    2. pyrimidine and purine
    3. purine and purine
    4. pyrimidine and pyrimidine
       
    
    
38. The extra chromosome found in male insect is called...
    
    
    
    1. X-body
    2. Y-body
    3. homologous
    4. neutral
       
    
    
39. In which animal, the embryo develops into a male at high temperature ?
    
    
    
    1. turtle
    2. lizard
    3. grasshopper
    4. fish
       
    
    
40. Which principle was given by Darwin ?
    
    
    
    1. Inheritance of acquired characters
    2. Germplasm theory
    3. Mutation theory
    4. Theory of natural selection
       
    
    
41. 
    
    
    
    4. 
       
    
    
42. 
    
    
    
    4. 
       
    
    

SHORT QUESTIONS

ANSWER IN SHORT:

1. Define : Heredity.
   
        ANS :Heredity is defined as 'the transmission of characters from parents to the off-springs'.
   
2. Give the meaning of variation from biological point of view.
   
        ANS :From biological point of view, variation means some individual difference(diversity) in the organismof one generation from that of the parental generation.
   
3. What is Genetics ?
   
        ANS :Genetics is the branch of biology which studies important aspects of heredity and variation.
   
4. What did Mendel propose ?
   
        ANS :Mendel proposed that for regulation of every character(in an organism) there is a pair of factors.
   
5. What happens when a cross is made between two pea plants ?
   
        ANS :When a cross is made between two pea plnats showing different characters, only one character is seen in the offsprings but the successive generations show both characters.
   
6. Who showed that gene is a part of chromosome ?
   
        ANS :T.Boveri and W.S. Sutton showed that gene is a part of chromosome.
   
7. Where are genes located ?
   
        ANS :Genes are located on chromosomes.
   
8. Of what is a gene the segment ?
   
        ANS :A gene is a segment of DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
   
9. Who established the DNA as a component for expression of genetic information from one generation to the other ?
   
        ANS :Griffin, Avery, McLeod and McCarty established the DNA as a component for expression of genetic information from one generation to the other.
   
10. What is meant by homologous chromosomes ?
    
         ANS :Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes occurring in pair and the members of a pair of chromosomes are exactly identical.
    
11. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes ?
    
         ANS : In prokaryotes only one chromosome occurs whereas in eukaryotes many chromosomes occur in pairs.
    
12. What is the difference in number of chromosomes of somatic cells and reproductive cells ?
    
         ANS :The number of chromosomes in reproductive cells is half(haploid) of that in somatic cells(diploid).
    
13. When do chromosomes get separated from each other ?
    
         ANS :Chromosomes get separated from each other during metaphase of cell division.
    
14. Why can chromosomes be identified easily during metaphase ?
    
         ANS :Chromosomes can be identified easily during metaphase because they get separated from each other.
    
15. What is centromere (primary constriction) ?
    
         ANS :In a chromosome, the dark region which connectes two individual chromatids is known as centromere (primary constriction).
    
16. How are chromosomes classified ?
    
         ANS :Chromosomes are classified depending on the position of the centromere.
    
17. Mention the types of chromosomes.
    
         ANS :Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric and telocentric are the types of chromosomes.
    
18. What is nucleolar organisation region ?
    
         ANS :A short filament connecting the satellite with the arm of an acrocentric chromosome is called nucleolar organisation region.
    
19. What is the full form of DNA ?
    
         ANS :The full form of DNA is DeoxyriboNucleic acid.
    
20. What is DNA ?
    
         ANS :DNA is a macromolecule in which a large number of nucleotide units is present.
    
21. Why is DNA known as polynucleotide ?
    
         ANS :DNA is known as polynucleotide as it is a macromolecule consisting of a large number of nucleotide units.
    
22. Mention the components of a DNA nucleotide.
    
         ANS :The components of a DNA nucleotide are : (1)Pentose sugar(deoxyribose sugar),(2)Phosphate group(H₃PO₄) and (3)Nitrogenous base.
    
23. Mention the types of nitrogenous base in DNA.
    
         ANS :Purines and pyrimidines are the types of nitrogenous base in DNA.
    
24. Mention the purines present in DNA.
    
         ANS :Adenine and Guanine are the purines present in DNA.
    
25. Mention the pyrimidines present in DNA.
    
         ANS :Cytosine and Thymine are the pyrimidines present in DNA.
    
26. What is complimentary pairing ?
    
         ANS :The linking of a purine type nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine type nitrogenous base by weak hydrogen bonds in a DNA molecule is called complimentary pairing.
    
27. What is the length of each helix in a DNA molecule ?
    
         ANS :The length of each helix in a DNA molecule is 34 A°.
    
28. How many nitrogenous base pairs are present in one helix of DNA ?
    
         ANS :10 nitrogenous base pairs are present in one helix of DNA.
    
29. What is the distance between two adjacent nucleotides in a DNA molecule ?
    
         ANS :The distance between two adjacent nucleotides in a DNA molecule is 3.4 A°.
    
30. What is the distance between two opposite chains of a DNA helix ?
    
         ANS :The distance between two opposite chains of a DNA helix is 20A°.
    
31. What is the biological name of the fruit fly ?
    
         ANS :Drosophila melanogaster is the biological name of the fruit fly.
    
32. What is mutation ?
    
         ANS :A sudden inheritable change in the nature of a gene is called mutation.
    
33. Mutation is one of the reasons of variation. True or false ?
    
         ANS : TRUE
    
34. What is the effect of high incubation temperature in determining sex in a turtle, chrysema picta ?
    
         ANS :The high incubation temperature in a turtle, chrysema picta, results in the development of a female.
    
35. What is the effect of high incubation temperature in determining sex in a lizard, agama agama ?
    
         ANS :The high incubation temperature in a lizard, agama agama results in the development of a male.
    
36. Give an example of a plant showing sex determination.
    
         ANS :Coccinia indica is a plant showing sex determination.
    
37. What are the two basic factors of evolution ?
    
         ANS :Variation and heredity are the two basic factors of evolution.
    
38. How is a new species evolved ?
    
         ANS :A new species is evolved during evolution process due to small changes in the heredity of one generation which gives rise to a new generation with different characters.
    
39. Mention the types of evidence that support the biological evolution.
    
         ANS :Evidences of comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, vestigial organs, fossils, connecting links, physiology and taxonomy support biological evolution.
    
40. Which theory of evolution did Darwin give ?
    
         ANS :Darwin gave the Theory of Natural Selection.
    
41. Mention the limitation of Darwinism.
    
         ANS :Darwinism explains evolution with the help of variation but it does not explain how variation occurs.
    
42. What are homologous organs ?
    
         ANS :The organs showing similarities in origin but performing different functions are called homologous organs.
    
43. What are analogous organs ?
    
         ANS :The organs different origin but performing same functions are called analogous organs.
    
44. Who proposed recapitulation theory ?
    
         ANS :Ernst Hackel proposed recapitulation theory.
    
45. What does recapitulation theory state ?
    
         ANS :Recapitulation theory states that 'Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny'.
    
46. What are vestigial organs ?
    
         ANS :Those organs found in an organism which are not functional but which might have been functional in ancestors are called vestigial organs.
    
47. What do you study in Genetics ?
    
         ANS :We study important aspects of heredity and variation in Genetics.
    
48. What is satellite(in a chromosome)?
    
         ANS :Satellite is around structure at the tip of the filament on the distal end of the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome.
    
49. What is retrovirus ? Give an example.
    
         ANS :Retrovirus is a virus with RNA as hereditary material. The virus causing AIDS in humans is a retrovirus.
    
50. What is organic(biological) evolution ?
    
         ANS :A natural process of structural sequential transformation of species which is slow but progressive is called organic(biological) evolution. OR The structural and well-organised process of gradual changes in species is called organic(biological) evolution.
    
51. 
    
         ANS :
    
52. 
    
         ANS :